History and Characteristics of Tango Music

Tango music is not merely a musical genre; it is a profound cultural expression that reflects the complex social tapestry of Argentina. Emerging in the late 18th and 19th centuries, tango music is a composite of influences that originated among the European immigrant and African slave populations of Argentina, particularly in the bustling port cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. This article delves into the rich history, evolution, and characteristics of tango music, illustrating its journey from humble beginnings to a global phenomenon.

The essence of tango lies in its ability to evolve. Over the years, it has absorbed various musical styles, transforming to suit the tastes and emotions of different eras. From its roots in the African rhythms and European folk traditions, tango has become a dynamic art form that continues to captivate audiences around the world.

Origins of tango music

The origins of tango music are deeply intertwined with the diverse cultural influences present in Argentina and Uruguay. Initially, it was shaped by immigrant communities and the African slave population, particularly in the working-class neighborhoods of Buenos Aires known as conventillos. These communal spaces were vibrant hubs where different cultures mingled, giving rise to a unique musical form that would eventually be recognized as tango.

The early forms of tango music were often unrecognizable compared to the polished versions we hear today. Characterized by improvisation and a raw emotional quality, the music played in these gatherings laid the groundwork for what would become known as the Guardia Vieja or the Old Guard of tango. During this time, the bandoneón, a type of concertina, became the emblematic instrument of tango, enriching its sound and providing a foundation for future compositions.

As tango gained popularity among the lower classes, it faced opposition from authorities who deemed it inappropriate. However, its allure was undeniable, and it began to permeate the higher echelons of society. By the late 19th century, the first tango compositions, such as “El Entrerriano” by Rosendo Mendizabal, began to capture the interest of the upper classes, paving the way for tango's acceptance and eventual mainstream popularity.

Argentine roots of tango songs

Tango music is a rich tapestry woven from various Argentine musical styles, including payada, milonga, pampas, and candombe. Each of these genres contributed its unique rhythms and melodies, which were heavily influenced by the African rhythms introduced by slaves. This blending of styles created a vibrant musical landscape that resonated with the experiences of the marginalized communities in Buenos Aires.

Tango music was developed by the underprivileged class of Buenos Aires, echoing their struggles and stories.

One of the earliest notable tango songs, “El Merenguengué,” performed during the Afro-Argentine carnival in 1876, exemplifies the genre's roots. The historical record reveals that the term “tango” appeared sporadically before 1900, with references dating back to as early as 1823 in Havana, Cuba. By the late 19th century, numerous tango songs had cemented their place in Argentine culture, including:

• “Señora casera”
• “Andate a la recoleta”
• Lino Galeano’s “El queco”
• Gabriel Diez’s “El Porteñito”
• Jose Machado’s “Tango Nº1”
• Juan Perez’s “Dame la lata”
• Prudencio Aragon’s “El Talar”

The introduction of recording technology in the early 1900s allowed these songs to reach a wider audience. Some of the first recorded tango pieces include:

• 1889 - “La Canguela”
• 1896 - Rosendo Mendizabal’s "El entrerriano”
• 1903-1907 - Ángel Villoldo’s "El choclo" and “El Negro Alegre”
• 1905 - Higinio Cazón’s “El Taita”
• 1905 - Gabino Ezeiza’s “El Tango Patagones”

Carlos Gardel as a symbol of tango

No discussion of tango music is complete without mentioning Carlos Gardel, the legendary figure who became a symbol of tango in the early 20th century. Rising from humble beginnings as a folk singer in Buenos Aires, Gardel's career skyrocketed with his hit “Mi Noche Triste” in 1917, which blended heartfelt lyrics with captivating melodies. This song marked a turning point, establishing Gardel as an international sensation and a national icon.

Gardel's contributions to tango were transformative. He bridged the gap between its origins as a genre associated with the lower classes and its acceptance by the middle and upper classes. His most famous song, “El día que me quieras,” released in 1935, remains a classic that encapsulates the essence of tango—passionate, melancholic, and deeply evocative.

Throughout his career, Gardel toured extensively, performing in major cities worldwide, including New York, Paris, and Madrid. His films and recordings brought tango music to international audiences, solidifying its place in global culture. Tragically, Gardel's life was cut short in an airplane crash in 1935, an event that elicited widespread mourning not only in Argentina but throughout Latin America.

Golden age of tango music

The death of Carlos Gardel marked the end of an era, giving way to the golden age of tango, which lasted from 1935 to 1952. This period saw a shift from individual performers to the rise of large tango orchestras, with notable figures like Juan d'Arienzo, known as the "King of the Beat," and Francisco Canaro. These bands transformed tango into a more dynamic and orchestrated form, incorporating a variety of instruments beyond the traditional bandoneón.

While some musicians like Osvaldo Pugliese maintained a traditional sound, others, like Carlos di Sarli, introduced new elements that made their music more accessible for dancing. The golden age also saw tango music gain international acclaim, with many orchestras touring and performing in Europe and North America, further popularizing the genre.

During two decades, tango was viewed as one of the most popular music genres in the world, captivating audiences across continents.

The appeal of tango during this period was not limited to Argentine borders. The genre began to influence various music styles internationally, with bands adopting tango rhythms and incorporating new instruments, such as the clarinet and saxophone. However, by the early 1960s, the rise of rock and roll began to overshadow tango, leading to a decline in its popularity.

Tango nuevo

Despite the decline of traditional tango, the genre did not fade away. Instead, it underwent a transformation known as Tango Nuevo in the 1950s, primarily driven by the innovative composer Ástor Piazzolla. His seminal piece “Adiós Nonino” redefined tango, incorporating elements of jazz and classical music, which challenged traditional forms and infuriated purists.

Tango Nuevo introduced new instruments, such as the electric guitar and saxophone, and embraced complex harmonies and arrangements. This evolution was met with resistance from traditionalists but ultimately paved the way for a new generation of tango musicians who sought to push the boundaries of the genre. Notable figures in this movement included Osvaldo Pugliese and Ariel Ramírez, who contributed to the development of this new sound.

Neotango

As tango continued to evolve, the NeoTango movement emerged in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This genre blends traditional tango with electronic influences, often referred to as electro tango or tango fusion. By integrating electronic instruments and computer-generated sounds, NeoTango appeals to contemporary audiences and introduces tango to new listeners.

This fusion has given rise to an exciting and innovative musical landscape, allowing artists to explore and experiment with the tango form. The incorporation of modern technology and sounds has revitalized interest in tango, making it relevant in today's music scene.

New tango songs

The evolution of tango music continues with the emergence of New Tango, which combines the orchestral elements of early tango with contemporary lyrical themes. This style is characterized by its focus on modern narratives and societal issues, appealing to a new generation of listeners. Notable performers in this genre include Julián Peralta, Orquesta Rascacielos, and Victoria di Raimondo, who have successfully merged traditional tango with modern influences.

The ongoing evolution of tango music demonstrates its resilience and adaptability, ensuring that it remains a vital part of the cultural landscape in Argentina and beyond. As new artists continue to emerge, the tango will undoubtedly keep evolving, reflecting the changing realities of society while staying true to its rich heritage.